The Cartesian coordinate system is a method for describing points using two perpendicular axes: the horizontal x-axis and the vertical y-axis, which meet at a point called the origin. Every point in the plane is represented by an ordered pair (x, y), where x tells you how far to move left or right from the origin, and y tells you how far to move up or down. This system is especially useful for problems involving straight lines, rectangular shapes, and algebraic equations. It can also be extended

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Polar and Cartesian curves are two fundamental ways of describing geometric shapes, each based on a different coordinate system. In the Cartesian system, every point is described using a horizontal position and a vertical position, usually called x and y. Curves are often written as y depending on x, which makes this system especially useful for studying functions, slopes, and rates of change. Many familiar shapes, such as straight lines, parabolas, and circles, are naturally expressed in Cartes