Indexing is one-based, [37] which is the usual convention for matrices in mathematics, unlike zero-based indexing commonly used in other programming languages such as C, C++, and Java.

Mathematical economics is the application of mathematical methods to represent theories and analyze problems in economics.

Number theory is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers and arithmetic functions. Number theorists study prime numbers as well as the properties of …

List of women in mathematics This is a list of women who have made noteworthy contributions to or achievements in mathematics. [1][2][3] These include mathematical research, mathematics …

A lesser known quadratic formula, as used in Muller's method, provides the same roots via the equation This can be deduced from the standard quadratic formula by Vieta's formulas, which assert that the …

Linear programming (LP), also called linear optimization, is a method to achieve the best outcome (such as maximum profit or lowest cost) in a mathematical model whose requirements and objective are …

A solver is a piece of mathematical software, possibly in the form of a stand-alone computer program or as a software library, that 'solves' a mathematical problem. A solver takes problem descriptions in …

The language was inspired by the S programming language, with most S programs able to run unaltered in R. [6] The language was also inspired by Scheme's lexical scoping, allowing for local variables. [1] …