Using large-scale numerical calculations, we explore the proper orthogonal decomposition of low Reynolds number turbulent pipe flow, using both the translational invariant (Fourier) method and the ...

At flow rates larger than those sustaining the regime of localized turbulent patches, the situation is fundamentally different: once triggered, turbulence aggressively expands and eliminates all ...

How much stress do pipes undergo when a liquid flows through them, and how does it depend on the degree of curvature of the pipe? Bends in pipes are different than their straight sections because, in ...