Background Recently, a novel reliable and valid protocol has been described for the measurement of eccentric strength of the external rotators of the shoulder, using a Hand Held Dynamometer (HHD).

Skeletal muscle development is one of the key features of childhood and adolescence. Muscle action determines the functional requirements that are imposed on other organ systems, such as lungs, heart, ...

Background Risk factors among overhead athletes have been investigated in many studies. The rotator cuff external rotator weakness is associated with an increased probability of substantial shoulder ...