Bitcoin, created by an anonymous entity known as Satoshi Nakamoto, utilizes a blockchain, a distributed and immutable ledger that records all transactions in a linear fashion. Each block in the chain ...

Nodes are presented in boldface and labelled paths represent the effects between nodes. G represents a genetic variant, X the exposure, Y the outcome and C (potential unmeasured) common causes of X ...

Recent clinical trials in oncology have used increasingly complex methodologies, such as causal inference methods for intercurrent events, external control, and covariate adjustment, posing challenges ...